The ‘Buddhist Art,’ associated with monuments and paintings enlightening about the religion, Buddhism, came in to existence in around fifth century BC, under the mounting influence of Gautama Sakyamuni. The preachers of Buddhism claim Gautama Buddha as the greatest amongst the mythological pantheon, an aspect highly magnified in one of the key forms of the art of India, the ‘Buddhist Art.’ The initial ‘Buddhist Art,’ found at Bharhut, Sanchi, and Bodh-Gaya, and Amaravati, bore no anthropomorphic depiction of Gautama Buddha. The ‘Buddha Image’ was instead ‘Symbolic’ at that time. Some of the key representative symbols were empty thrones, a standing woman, a pair of footprints, the Bodhi tree, or the Dharma-chakra that depicted his life.

Buddhism attained huge popularity in the early first century BC. Since the asceticism of the religion was beyond the understanding of the followers, an iconic image of Buddha transpired in Northern India and portrayed Buddha in human form, which still exists. Gandhara (now in Pakistan) and Mathura (in Central Northern India) were the primary centers for the production of the ‘Buddha Images.’ The ‘Gandharan’ image displayed Buddha in standing or sitting position, with wavy hair and well-draped shoulders, closely resembling the Greek God, ‘Apollo.’ The ‘Mathuran’ school, on the other hand, contributed to the lotus seat (depicting the importance of mediation and His enlightenment), sporting a standing Buddha, holding one hand high and wearing a robe, baring His right shoulder.

The ‘Buddhist Art’ in India continued to expand. The pink sand stone sculptures made during the Gupta period at Mathura are an exemplary of finesse and competent artisanship, with few dating back to even 81 AD. Some gold and copper currency coins of 78 AD carry the ‘Buddha Image’ on one side and Kanishka’s (the ruler then) on the other.

The historical ‘Buddha Images’ were depicted in five different positions, symbolizing the significant events of His life, such as birth, exit from home, enlightenment, first sermon, and death. The images are postured in four styles, standing, sitting, walking, and reclining with the position of hands conveying several connotations, such as:

Pacifying Relatives – Standing Buddha with right hand lifted to chest and the left one resting on the side

Calming the ocean – Standing Buddha with both hands raised up to chest

Subduing Mara – Crossed legged, seated Buddha, with his right hand on the right knee, pointing four fingers to the ground, while the left hand rests on His lap

Some fascinating details to be taken into account while creating the ‘Buddha Image,’ are the pre-defined measurements for physical proportion such as the exaggerated earlobes, and the “enlightenment-elevation” on the top of the head. Apart from the historical ‘Buddha Images,’ various other forms such as “Laughing Buddha” and “Medicine Buddha” are available in a variety of materials, such as sand stone, clay, gold etc. A renowned Buddhist follower once stated that “A Buddha image is not only a symbol of the historical person but the human qualities that he perfected; compassion, wisdom, patience, generosity, kindness, etc., worthy of bowing down to.”

For all those who know little about gardening, Zen garden is a term used for Japanese rock gardens, moisture-free, made-of-stones, dry kind of gardens – To a certain extent this is correct, but giving due consideration to the other concepts associated with the word Zen, the phrase Zen garden has a profound philosophical impact. It is a special form of artistic gardens so intense, that the great mathematicians and neurologists too have attempted to explain the idea.

Zen. The Mystery

Now that your curiosity is aroused, I will try to explain more about this type of garden and its impacts on visitors. The first question that needs to be answered is, what is Zen? Many associate it with Japanese Buddhism. Well, this again is partly true, and indeed Zen Gardens originated from

Buddhist monasteries and temples around 1300 AD by Zen priests and artists, prominently Muso Soseki. Some people think that Zen is an interpretation of the Buddhist concept of enlightenment, and this may be close to the truth as well. Zen plays an important role in many Japanese concepts and aspects.

Actually Zen means waking up to the present moment. That is, perceiving this moment exactly as it is, rather than through the filter of our ideas, opinions, etc. And this is what is reflected in a Zen garden.

Examples

- Royanji Temple in northwest Kyoto, Japan.
- Nanzenji Zen Garden in Kyoto, Japan.

The Philosophical Impact

A Zen garden is an aesthetic arrangement of stones with little vegetation, water or other elements at a first glance. But on careful observation, we understand that they represent the elaborate equilibrium of contraries and the apprehension of the world as a dialect continuum.

For example, how can one express nothingness ‘mu’, more dramatically than by taking water out of a garden? Zen garden, is thus a metaphorical representation of the concepts of Zen. The exclusion of water is not its denial, it is in fact a more potent assertion as it is done metaphorically.

The significant aspect of a Zen garden is that the rocks form subliminal images of objects like trees, lakes, ponds etc. which can not be perceived while looking consciously at them, but the subconscious mind is able to observe a subtle association between the rocks. While
viewing, the distinction between subject & object, and viewer & viewed is blurred. This results in the garden being a source of strength, courage, fortitude, tranquility, serenity, peace.

Another specialty is that none of of them have been created by one person, epitomizing the aspect of parts forming a whole.

Although these gardens have been engulfed with controversies and criticism, there is no denying their impact on the viewers and the inherent creativity.

The philosophy of these gardens can be summarized in the poetics of Karesansui: ‘ Flower does not Talk but a Rock has the Voice of Water.’